Ayurveda

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) restricts the entry of large and hydrophilic molecules, thereby limiting effective drug delivery to the brain. Contemporary approaches to overcome this challenge include selective transport strategies, nanoparticle-based systems, and non-invasive routes such as intranasal administration. Classical Ayurveda presents conceptual parallels through the doctrines of Doṣhas, Srotas, and Nyāyas, including Kedāra-Kuḷya Nyāya and Khale-Kapota Nyāya, which describe the distribution of nutrients and tissue-specific targeting. Lipid-based formulations such as Ghṛta and Medhya Rasāyanas correspond with the lipid-rich architecture of neural tissue, suggesting a rational basis for their neurological applications. However, the precise mechanisms by which these formulations influence BBB dynamics remain inadequately explored. This review integrates classical Ayurvedic principles with contemporary insights into BBB biology to elucidate potential correlations in structure and transport mechanisms. Primary sources included the Bṛhattrayī, authoritative commentaries, and the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, while relevant peer-reviewed literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was analyzed to bridge traditional constructs with modern evidence. Conceptual parallels were identified between Srotas and microvascular networks, Paramāṇu and molecular dimensions, and Nyāyas and passive or active transport phenomena. Descriptions of Sūkṣma and Sthūla Srotas reflect size-dependent permeability and endothelial regulation. Functional analogies were observed between Vyāna Vāyu and neural perfusion, Tarpaka Kapha and cerebral nourishment, and Prāṇa Vāyu and respiratory exchange. Additionally, Nasya demonstrates correspondence with intranasal delivery pathways that partially bypass the BBB. These convergences suggest that Ayurvedic microstructural theory may provide a complementary interpretative framework for understanding BBB physiology and targeted brain drug delivery.

Background: Ayurveda prioritises individualised healthcare through Prakriti (constitutional phenotype) assessment and rejuvenation through Rasayana therapy. The emerging discipline of Ayurgenomics aims to correlate these traditional concepts with molecular and genomic frameworks. Despite this, there is a scarcity of experimentally tractable models for validating these principles. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become prominent in translational research because of their genetic similarity to humans, optical transparency, rapid development, and compatibility with high-throughput and multi-omics methodologies. Materials and Methods: The scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Electronic searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were conducted for literature published up to December 2025 using terms related to zebrafish/Danio rerio, Ayurveda, Rasayana, Ayurgenomics, and traditional herbal medicines. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts using predefined eligibility criteria. Of 1,245 records identified, 150 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: The evidence indicates that zebrafish effectively model developmental toxicity, organ-specific and molecular responses, modulation of oxidative stress, neurobehavioral alterations, metabolic regulation, and tissue regeneration. High-throughput embryo assays and disease-specific models facilitate mechanistic validation of herbal interventions. Nevertheless, the integration of Prakriti-based stratification and constitution-specific frameworks is limited, as most studies focus on isolated compounds rather than polyherbal or personalised approaches. Conclusion: Zebrafish constitute a robust yet underutilised translational platform for advancing evidence-based Rasayana research and Ayurgenomics. The integration of multi-omics tools, standardised protocols, and constitution-oriented experimental designs has the potential to enhance precision-based Ayurvedic therapeutics and facilitate the integration of traditional knowledge with contemporary biomedical science.

Background: Ayurveda, a time-tested branch of medicine, is gaining global recognition. However, the integration of modern diagnostic tools into Ayurvedic clinical practice has become essential in the current AI-driven healthcare system. Modern investigations provide objective validation for Ayurvedic principles and facilitate the incorporation of Ayurveda into mainstream health systems. Objectives: To evaluate the role and relevance of modern diagnostic investigations in current Ayurvedic medical practice, highlighting their benefits, limitations, and the importance of maintaining classical Ayurvedic diagnostic frameworks. Methods: A scoping review of 43 published articles from 3 databases over the last 10 years was conducted to assess how modern investigations are utilized in Ayurvedic clinical settings. The articles were analyzed for the types of investigations used, their purpose, such as diagnosis, prognosis, health assessment, treatment efficacy, and safety, and their contribution to Ayurvedic practice. A structured analysis was also performed to identify disease-wise and purpose-wise use of investigations. Results: The majority of studies demonstrated the use of biochemical, imaging, and haematological investigations alongside Ayurvedic treatments. Diseases like yoniroga and liver disorders had the highest number of studies. Most investigations were employed for diagnosis and treatment efficacy, while few were used for safety assessments. Integration of diagnostic tools such as USG, CT, MRI, HbA1c, and LFTs enhanced clinical decision-making but often lacked alignment with Ayurvedic assessments like Daśavidha and Aṣṭavidha Parīkṣa. Conclusion: Modern diagnostic tools, when used judiciously, serve as a valuable integration to Ayurvedic clinical practice. They aid in accurate diagnosis, monitoring treatment efficacy, and ensuring patient safety. However, overdependence on these tools may affect the holistic principles of Ayurveda. A balanced approach integrating both modern diagnostics and classical Ayurvedic assessments is essential for the evolution of Ayurveda in contemporary medicine.

Nyaya is defined as an expression of a general truth or principle, and in Ayurveda it serves as an important methodological tool similar to Tantrayukti, Tacchilyam, and Kalpana to elucidate complex concepts through practical analogies and examples. Dhatu Poṣaṇa Nyayas are such explanatory principles employed in Ayurvedic classics and commentaries to clarify the process of formation and nourishment of the Dhatus. Proper nourishment of Dhatus is essential for the maintenance of health and prevention of disease. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe various Dhatuposhana Nyayas such as Ksheera Dadhi Nyaya,Kedari Kulya Nyaya , Khale Kapota Nyaya, and Eka kala dhatu poshana Nyaya to elucidate the process of Dhatu formation and distribution of nutrients in the body, to clarify the mechanisms of tissue development and nutrient allocation within the body. Correlating Dhatu Poṣaṇa Nyaya with contemporary physiological and biochemical knowledge provides a meaningful bridge between classical Ayurvedic wisdom and modern scientific understanding. Such integrative interpretation strengthens the scientific relevance of Ayurveda, facilitates interdisciplinary symposium, and offers a conceptual foundation for translational research, systems biology, and personalised healthcare approaches. This article explores these conceptual frameworks, analysing their theoretical foundations and highlighting their relevance in understanding physiological processes in both classical and contemporary contexts.

This article reviews Francis Zimmermann’s seminal work, The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats: An Ecological Theme in Hindu Medicine. Originally published in French in 1982, the book remains a landmark study in the intersection of anthropology, ecology, and classical Indian medicine. Zimmermann, a student of the late Ashtavaidyan Vayaskara N.S. Mooss, examines how Ayurveda functions as a sophisticated socio-ecological theory rather than a mere collection of herbal therapies.   The core of the work explores the semantic evolution of the word "Jungle," tracing its origins from the Sanskrit Jangala—referring to arid, dry lands—to its modern misinterpreted meaning of dense tropical forests. Through an analysis of the "aroma of meats" and the "savors of the soil," Zimmermann illustrates the anthropocentric nature of ancient Indian medical tradition, where the environment, diet, and human health are harmonized through a system of bio-climatic classification. This review highlights the book’s enduring value to medical historians, anthropologists, and scholars of South Asian culture.

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is one of the oldest medical traditions in the world, offering holistic approaches to health and wellness. Sports medicine is a specialized field that focuses on physical fitness, injury prevention and the management of sports-related conditions. While Ayurveda does not explicitly mention sports medicine as a distinct discipline, its principles can be effectively applied to enhance athletic performance and prevent injuries. By carefully analyzing Ayurvedic texts, we can derive valuable insights into the management of sports-related issues through concepts such as Dinacharya (daily regimen), Ritucharya (seasonal regimen), Ahara-Vihara (diet and lifestyle) and Oushadha (herbal formulations). Additionally, through Dasavidha Pareeksha, particularly Prakriti Pareeksha, Ayurveda can help in selecting suitable sports activities based on an individual's constitution, thereby optimizing performance and reducing the risk of injuries. This review aims to explore hidden references within Ayurveda that contribute to the field of sports medicine and highlight its potential in promoting overall physical and mental well-being in athletes.

Background: Behavioral disorders in children significantly impact their cognitive, emotional, and social development. Conditions like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), conduct disorders, and emotional disturbances require a multidisciplinary approach for effective management. While conventional treatments focus on medications and behavioral therapy, Ayurveda offers a holistic approach, addressing underlying imbalances through Panchakarma, Medhya Rasayana, and Satvavajaya Chikitsa. Objective: The article explores the scope of an integrated management approach for behavioral disorders in children, combining Ayurvedic interventions, psychological therapy, parental education and special education. A case-based analysis highlights the effectiveness of this approach in improving behavioral and cognitive outcomes. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, along with a clinical case study of a 12- year-old girl with hyperactivity and aggressive behavior. The patient underwent an inpatient integrated treatment approach, including Ayurvedic therapies (Panchakarma, Medhya Rasayana), behavioral therapy, parental education, and yoga. The outcome was assessed using Conner’s Parent Rating Scale for ADHD before and after treatment. Results: Post-treatment, the patient demonstrated a significant reduction in aggressive behaviors, anger outbursts, and sleep disturbances. The Conner’s parent rating scale score improved from 51 to 30, reflecting better emotional regulation and cognitive function. Panchakarma therapies such as Virechana, Snehapana, and Nasya etc combined with behavioral therapy and yoga, contributed to sustained improvement. Conclusion: An integrated approach involving Ayurveda, psychological therapy and parental education provides a sustainable solution for managing childhood behavioral disorders.

Introduction: Ayurveda, a centuries-old system of medicine, offers a holistic approach to addressing modern health challenges such as chronic diseases, stress, and lifestyle disorders. With the rising global demand for integrative medicine, India's rich Ayurvedic heritage provides unique opportunities for sustainable medical tourism and global healthcare innovation. Methods: This paper employs a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing the principles of Ayurveda and their applicability to contemporary health issues. Data from studies on the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatments, economic reports on medical tourism, and global health trends were reviewed. Strategies for scaling Ayurvedic healthcare globally were assessed while emphasizing authenticity and ethical practices. Results: The analysis indicates that Ayurveda can complement allopathic medicine through personalized treatments, preventive care, and stress management techniques. Ayurvedic therapies, such as Panchakarma, have shown efficacy in managing lifestyle-related disorders. Additionally, Ayurveda-focused medical tourism has significantly contributed to India's economy, attracting global tourists seeking wellness and integrative treatments. Discussion: Ayurveda’s principles align with modern healthcare needs, promoting sustainable practices and addressing the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Integrating Ayurvedic care with allopathic approaches can enhance patient outcomes. However, scaling Ayurvedic healthcare requires addressing challenges such as standardization, global regulatory approvals, and maintaining authenticity in international markets. Conclusion: Ayurveda holds immense potential to address global health challenges while fostering sustainable medical tourism. By leveraging its holistic principles and complementary approaches to modern medicine, Ayurveda can contribute to global healthcare solutions. Strategic efforts to scale Ayurvedic practices internationally must prioritize quality, ethical practices, and cultural integrity.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a multifaceted progressive deterioration of renal function. Its furtherance is often undetected and paves way to a pervasive and insidious health crisis. Methodology: A review of published cases was planned to explore the efficacy of Ayurvedic management in improving renal function and other symptomatic parameters in CKD. A comprehensive literature search of case studies in Google Scholar and PubMed spanning five years was conducted. The studies that fulfilled the inclusive criteria were included in the review. Based on this conclusion, an in-depth interview of five experts treating CKD from Malappuram, Kerala was done. The interpretations of both the review of published case reports on ayurvedic management of CKD and in-depth interview were statistically represented. Result: Out of 22 identified case reports, 14 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. The mean age of the subjects was 51.58 years, with 71.4% males and 26.8% females. Following Ayurvedic treatment, notable improvements were observed in serum creatinine, serum urea and e-GFR. Conclusion: This case based review suggests that Ayurvedic treatment can contribute to improving the quality of life of CKD affected patients. However, inconsistencies in methodology and lack of standardized diagnostic criteria underscore the need for large-scale, high quality clinical trials to confirm these findings and establish the efficacy and safety of Ayurvedic formulations in CKD management.

Introduction: The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to the communication between the central and the enteric nervous system in the wall of the GIT. This represents the links between emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with digestive functions. Studies have shown the significant role of gut microbiota in determining and modifying these interactions. Ayurveda and its approach to diagnosis and treatment is influenced by the status of digestive functions in the gut which harbours the gut microbes. Materials and Methods: Online databases including PubMed and Google scholar were searched for articles with keywords - gut brain axis and gut microbiome. A total of 19 articles were listed and 8 were selected from them based on their clarity of methodology, relevance and feasibility. A framework was developed after reviewing and organizing 8 articles, emphasizing the significance of Rukshana Chikitsa in Ayurveda for maintaining the regular functioning of the gut microbiome. These findings were validated using the tool which assesses rukshata-snigdhata in koshta among 10 participants undergoing takrapana and another group of 10 participants undergoing antibiotic therapy. Results and Discussion:73% of participants undergoing takrapana shows healthy koshta, whereas only 27% of participants undergoing antibiotic therapy show healthy koshta. Remaining participants showed increased rukshata in koshta. Koshta is an important part of clinical examination of patient in Ayurveda. The classification of koshta into mrudu, madyama and krura koshta represents a difference in the gut microbial environment. Conclusion: This article reviews the role of Ayurvedic principles like Agni, koshta and panchakarma chikitsa in the communication between the gut-microbiota and the brain through neural, endocrine and immune links as well as their influences on health and disease.